Community-Oriented Policing and Domestic Violence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1873 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Justice Essay Violence Essay Did you like this example? COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Introduction A myriad of creative approaches in the criminal justice systems of the world have been established over the last two decades in an attempt to lessen or curb the domestic violence incidences in us and across the world. Different law urgencies have now put in place policies that authorize arrest for domestic violence. Such domestic handling options as evidence-based prosecution, no-drop policies and special advocates allocated domestic violence cases have also been adopted by prosecutors. Moreover, in the extension of the community policing initiative the law enforcement outfits have also established partnership with communities in a bid to fight the crisis. According to (Feltes 2000) community-oriented policing has resulted into a reduction of up to 30% of domestic violence case in some states of America. In fact, (Kasturirangan 2008) forecasts that if sufficiently implemented, community oriented policing will result in a 70% reduction in the current incidences of domestic violence in the USA alone. But how intimate is the solving of domestic violence and community-oriented policing? How does the community-oriented policing work within the complexities involved in domestic violence? Can anything be improved for the betterment of the process? This paper seeks to explore these questions. The author of this paper believes that if well managed community-oriented policing can blend within the dynamics of domestic violence and create lasting solutions among families. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Community-Oriented Policing and Domestic Violence" essay for you Create order The evolution of community-oriented policing. It is no doubt that the concept of community oriented policing has been on a continuum of evolution. Since its initiation, several legal and social changes have occurred within the society to improve the experience of community- oriented policing. The following section explores the evolution. What are the components of COP? According to (Lumb and Wang 2006) community-oriented policing (COP) is made up of certain core components that make it possible to use as a problem solving tool. Below are the major components of community-oriented policing: Strategic-oriented policing. Firstly, COP must be strategic-oriented. According to (Matud 2007) strategic oriented policing entails the adoption of preventive and proactive methods of problem and crime elimination. Matud (2007) particularly notes that something is strategic when it has a profound impact on the whole firm; impacts on any of the strategic factors (human resource, performance, financial, corporate culture etc); creates a competitive advantage; futuristic and impacts change management. In the context of COP, this will thus be achieved through the establishment of a stronger relationship and partnership with the communities. As Matud (2007) notes, increased number of police officers in the communities may increase police-community conflicts and thus inadvisable. Strategically, thus the relationship between the few officers and the community can be enhanced, the community members encouraged to report crimes and problems and thus collective prevent crimes and societal problems. Neighborhood-oriented policing. Neighborhood-oriented policing (NOP) is another core component of the COP. (Reisig 2010) defines NOP as an interactive policing process involving the police officers securing certain beat jurisdictions and the citizens either residing or working in the beat jurisdictions collaborating to establish problem and concern identification means. This is then followed by a mutual assessment of viable solutions through the provision of resources available both from the community and the police departments in addressing the problems established. In his study of COP, Reisig (2007) identified four main components of NOP namely: contact; communication; trust; and information exchange. He believes that for the success of NOP the officer must come into contact with the community, communicate to them the intentions of the police department. This communication results in the development of trust which eventually increases information exchange. In essence, NOP also involve police driven community tr ainings and education including drug awareness, DWI awareness, neighborhood watch, school programs and community meetings. Problem-oriented policing (POP). Coined by Golstein (1979), POP is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a model that required the police to be proactive in identifying underlying problems that could be targeted to alleviate crime at its roots.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Golstein (1979) noted that apart from dealing with crime, police had other societal problems to solve such as physical and social disorders. In this regard, they had to extend their mandate from the traditional enforcement of criminal law to the consideration of civil statutes. This way problem would be addressed before crime or disorders lead into disaster. This POP approach was later expounded by Eck and Spelman (1987) in their SARA model- an acrony model for Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assesment. SARA model, which have since then become very popular in practice, illustrated the steps that should be followed in POP. Building trust between police and community. For COP to be successful, the police officers must be able to build a strong relationship with the citizens. According to Sidebottom and Tilley (2011), the building of trust must involve good communication. They further note that the communication should always be done in contact with the citizens in a manner that ensures that the information that citizens exchange is not only acted upon but also not used against the source. Moreover, they argue that the organization of education and training events such as school programs, drug awareness and such increases contact among the police and the citizens and thus trust. In his view increased positive contact results in increased trust and thus helpful information exchange. How is community-oriented policing and domestic violence connected? The connection between domestic violence and COP is not new. Early literature although few noted that domestic violence could be solved through COP. Reisig (2011) noted that domestic violence can result into murder which is criminal and therefore if addressed through the POP component of COP it can be averted. However, posited that mediation other than arrests could be used in COP efforts to curb domestic violence although he accepted that this could trivialize the vice and introduce new complications. Nevertheless, COP through NOP and intimate community partnership could easen access to domestic violence incidences at early stages and address them before they turn dangerous through mediation, counseling and other negotiation methods. B. What is domestic violence? 1. Minnesota Domestic Violence Experiment (MDVE)? The organization conducted a study regarding the police responses in cases of partner violence. The response of the police officers differed wherein one set separ ated the partners, one attempted to mediate the contending parties and the last response was to make mandatory arrest (McClennen 2010). Through this experiment, the offenders and the victims were monitored and were continually interviewed until six months after the incident. Through this way, the police organization was able to follow up whether their responses for the incidents were effective or not. How did police respond in the past? Due to restrictions under the law, police response in cases of domestic violence was only to check and report regarding the incidents. They were not allowed to make an arrest and not to intervene within the family matter. This caused inefficiency on part of the officers to avoid future violence. How police respond after MDVE? After MDVE, different states started to amend their laws regarding arrests of violent partners. Changes in their approach were made wherein large percentage of police organizations use arrest as a form of stopping the offenders. Other states also changed their approaches and made sure that once there are reports, they will implement mandatory arrests. Mandatory arrests laws; is this effective method of reducing this crime? According to Ellis et al (2014), there was a decrease in reports of assaults in states where mandatory arrests are applicable. However, there was increase in cases of homicides between intimate partners as some try not to report the incidence of violent as they do not want their partners to be arrested. How does community-oriented policing work within the dynamics of domestic violence? Community oriented police work can help in mitigating the number of domestic violence as the police can respond with the said incidents swiftly through this approach. Approaches such as NOP can help in improvement of reports of the cases so as to immediately mediate the conflicting parties. A proactive approach can help abused partners to instantly contact the officers once violence occurs. Working closely with the community is the best way to diminish problems within it. 1. Community/police relationships and domestic violence? a. Community coalitions; social programs and interested groups. Community coalitions such as women organizations can help in mitigating violence wherein reports can be easily made and that said incidents can be tackled within the said groups. Partnering with other anti-violence organization can help in avoiding offenses that usually occurs at home. Social programs can be used as a mode of educating the people of the community on how important that t hey need to be aware of the violence and what may be its effect in the future. b. Community responses to domestic violence; community support networks. Spakowski and Milwerts (2006) posited that a powerful community support network serves as the external condition for effective intervention of mens domestic violence against women. The network can be used as a release for the battered partners and serve as their support if ever the problem will still occur. The support network must be organized by the community itself as the beneficial outcome will be for them in the end. c. Response partnerships; police and community leaders. The community leaders must be an instrument towards assuring that the police will be active in mitigating the problem and be alert whenever a violence report is being reported. Through a series of competent communication strategy, the police officers will be able to respond quickly and can even save the victim from future danger. The partnership bet ween the police and community leaders is inevitable if one wants to assure that there is protection and safety within the community. A viable means of communication can be set up to help the members of police force to swiftly provide their response. This may cost the community in some way, but the benefits can be seen in the end if such system will be implemented. II. Conclusion Community-oriented policing is definitely a good approach towards lessening the cases of domestic violence. Though the issues may be personal for some families, the intervention of police authority is needed especially if it will be threatening for the victims and also to some other members of the family. Building ties with the community is assuring that the said community will be protected from future harm. Acquiring a systematic approach towards the said policing may help in more competent police organizations which may be used as a model for other states. References: Ellis, D., Stuckless, N. Smith, C. (2014), Marital Separation and Lethal Domestic Violence, Routledge:UK. Feltes, T. (2002). Community-oriented Policing In Germany: Training And Education. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management, 25(1), 48-59. Kasturirangan, A. (2008). Empowerment And Programs Designed To Address Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women, 14(12), 1465-1475. Lumb, D. R., Wang, D. Y. (2006). The Theories and Practice of Community Problem-Oriented Policing: a Case Study. The Police Journal, 79(2), 177-193. Matud, M. (2007). Dating Violence And Domestic Violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(4), 295-297. McClenne, J. (2010), Social Work and Family Violence: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention. Springer Publishing Company:NY. Reisig, M. (2010). Community and ProblemÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Oriented Policing. Crime and Justice, 39(1), 1-53. Sidebottom, A., Tilley, N. (2011). Improving problem-oriented policing: The need for a new mo del?. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 13(2), 79-101. Spakowski, N. Milwertz,, C. (2006), Women and Gender in Chinese Studies, LIT Verlag.

Discourse Is A Discourse Community - 1170 Words

Discourse Communities are everywhere but we just don t realize them. You re even part of a few on a daily basis. The definition of a discourse community that was provided in the â€Å"Discourse Community,† article by Schmidt and Kopple states, â€Å" it s a group of people who share a ways to claim, organize, communicate, and evaluate meanings†. Basically it’s where two or more people concentrate their attention on the same issue or idea. For example, a place where you work is a discourse community. All of the people working there have a similar style of communicating, thinking, evaluating issues, and lastly the methods they use while they re working. There is more to a discourse community than just two individuals or more sharing similar focus. A discourse community can differentiate from each other, as stated, in the article by Schmidt and Kopple saying, â€Å" people from different discourse communities often differ in their fundamental beliefs about reality †. 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Essay on Managing Across Global Culture

Question: Write an essay on "managing across global culture". Answer: Introduction: In the recent world of globalization, every business organization aims to expand itself beyond the local confines, by setting up its outlets in various corners of the world. However, this process of globalization requires an organization to possess a comprehensive knowledge regarding the cultural traits , likes and preferences of the citizens of the country, it is desiring to do business in. Hence, an organization must ensure that it has a comprehensive idea about the legal complications, or the political problems or even language and cultural barriers that the organization may encounter which may impede the growth of the business organization. Otherwise, if the cross-cultural issues persist for a long period, it may imply the failure of the company in the foreign market (Pieterse et al. 2015). Discussion: KFC is a much-reputed name in the market of restaurant chains in the world. Although headquartered in USA, the KFC is a chain of restaurants that specializes in catering mouth-watering junk food, to the inhabitants of as many as 109 countries across the globe. Worldwide media promotion, competitive price advantage, global recognition as the producer of chicken based fast food, have helped KFC operate business quite smoothly in various countries of the world. However, in recent times, it has been reported that KFC has encountered much trouble in doing business in China. Although, KFC has been able to enjoy much competitive advantage over other fast food supplying chains such as the Yum brand in China, the recent case of it in falling apart in the Chinese market bears testimony to the fact that KFC has not been able to adopt cultural strategy sufficiently in China (Huang et al. 2015). China has a business situation highly distinguished from that of the other countries. As the article suggests, the primary problem that has contributed much to the emerging problems of KFC in China, is its inability to serve the Chinese customers in time. An in-depth study of Chinese culture suggests that the Chinese people consider punctuality as one of the most important virtues, and they apply punctuality in every aspect of life. KFC as a fast food centre must ensure that it is able to serve the food to its customers at the right time, but it must respect the timely offering of food, all the more when doing business in China. As the article suggests, the Chinese people are largely dissatisfied with the restaurant chain, for supplying the food after being ten minutes late. While serving punctual Chinese inhabitants, the KFC chain must stay away with the act of procrastination if they wish to serve the people satisfactorily. However, although KFC should indeed focus on delivering it s food at the right time while doing business in China, various other cultural factors were so far overlooked by the KFC authority in China (Shen et al. 2014). The Chinese people are very conservative when it comes to choose their food. They are not very experimental and do not usually prefer to try out new dishes. Although, the young generation people love to try out Western cuisine, a considerable part of the Chinese population prefer Chinese food. Any foreign restaurant chain can be an instant success in China, if it sells off rice noodles, soup or sausages and street kebabs (Cheung et al. 2012). However, KFC as a restaurant chain sells Western products such as fried potato, burgers, sandwiches which do not exactly fit in the food preference of Chinese people. Ghemawat has already talked about the AAA model of global business, which highlights the importance of adapting to the local culture and tastes of the place, an organization wishes to set up its business outlets in. Keeping this in mind, KFC should have modified its food menu, in terms of the Chinese food habits. A restaurant chain must ensure that it introduces innovative items in its menu, so that it can cater to the demand of the international customers (Ghemawat et al. 2014). Recently, KFC has indeed introduced the Chizza item, which has gained enough appraisals across the world, due to its superb combination of cheese and pizza, without any bread. However, this recipe could not do wonders in Chinese food market, simply because cheese cannot fascinate the Chinese people, for whom dairy was not a major part of diet until very recently. Therefore, any milk product, as cheese based food item, cannot easily attract the Chinese consumers. To do successful business in China, KFC may not necessarily invent a new food item, but it can at least change the toppings. Instead of cheese toppings, it can at least offer fish and other sea food toppings which easily become popular with the local taste of the Asian countries. In addition, China can also introduce more food and noodle based items; at present, the rice bowl of KFC has gained much popularity among the Chines e people, as rice is the staple food for the Chinese people, and any cereal based food, can be a huge success in the Chinese food market. Hence, KFC should introduce at least two or more food items in China, that include rice or noodles or wheat items (Bakir et al. 2015). Communication plays an integral role in the business process in a global market. It should be remembered that it is not sufficient for KFC to set up its outlets in China, and sell the Chinese food habit based food items. But it must ensure that the workers are able to communicate adequately with the Chinese people. While doing business in a foreign country, an organization must ensure that it employs and attaches much importance to the employees of that country. One major loophole of the authority of KFC in China, was that it has not employed the native Chinese people, as a result there was a constant language barrier (Piekkari et al. 2014). As many of the Chinese people are not much adept in speaking in English language, they find it difficult to communicate with the workers and helping staffs of KFC in China. McDonalds has been far sighted enough to understand this issue, and considering the language and cultural barrier a foreign organization it is likely to confront in exotic loc ations, has decided to double the number of native Chinese employees in China (Bishop et al. 2016). When McDonalds proposed its objective of expanding its market in china by opening at least 200 to 250 stores in China, it has also proposed its plan of recruiting as many as 7000 Chinese workers to serve in these outlets. According to the spokesperson of MacDonalds in China, this plan to recruit more Chinese people for their outlets, is guided by their understanding that there exists a communication gap between the native Chinese people and the western people, which needs to be crossed. This can be done ewith the help of Chinese workers, who have much knowledge about the culture, customs and language of China. More importantly, this is also a matter of strategic importance for an organization. As the President of KFC China, Guo Geping has stated, that this process of hiring the Chinese people in the various outlets of China is also expected to enhance the loyalty of the Chinese people to the organization, and it will also help in rendering the brand a Chinese touch. The same strategy should be adopted by the KFC, as recruiting Chinese workers will create a positive impression among the Chinese people, and will make the US based brand much familiar to China. KFC, far from hiring fresh Chinese workers, is rather getting criticized for offering extremely poor pay scale to the employees. This is most likely to create a negative impression of KFC among the Chinese inhabitants (Beware et al. 2013). The Chinese people are very mindful of the ambience of the place they are visiting, and hence KFC should have taken sufficient measure to provide the Chinese people with an atmosphere they would love to call Chinese in the true sense. China is one of the few Asian countries, which value tradition and custom over everything else (Zhou et al. 2016). Hence, as an US based brand, KFC can strategically create an essentially Chinese ambience in its outlets of China. This strategy has been fully exploited by Pizza Hut in China, where the food chain brand has offered a more Chinese and sophisticated ambience, with large, cozy cushions in its outlets, which widely differs from its counterparts of the Western countries. In addition, it has introduced certain food items in China, which has especially got a touch of the Chinese flavor, to satisfy the Chinese consumers, of all age groups. KFC should also adopt such a strategy. Incorporating some Chinese food items, like porridge or noodles in the ir food menu, and offering chopsticks, along with spoons, while eating can greatly benefit the KFC company. Further, the Chinese people are too much fond of their own culture, even in terms of music, and hence the KFC outlets can also play the hrad core Chinese music in the backgrounds, instead of the English songs (Thompson et al. 2015). As a restaurant brand, any organization is expected to serve quality food, and profit maximization should never be the final and the only motive in the organization. However, owing to the food security scandal of KFC in China, in recent times, has also contributed to the considerable ill-reputation of the organization in China. Accusation was raised against the Chinese KFC outlets that these KFC outlets were using expired chicken to prepare the fast food, and even the food items were consisting of addictives. This created much fuss and resulted in ill-reputation among the public (Peng et al. 2015). At present, China has introduced the strictest food security law, whereby a management committee is going to be set up, for supervising the food items that are being catered to the Chinese people. Further, in case there are any kind of loopholes found, then the organization is going to pay a huge amount of compensation to the consumers. Keeping this in mind, KFC should focus more on the ma tter of food safety, in order to avoid legal complications in future; otherwise, it may ruin its business in future in China. Above all, while marketing in a global market, a big organization like KFC, must focus sufficiently on the promotion strategy. According to Holfstedes cultural dimensions, an organization, while promoting itself in the foreign market, must ensure that its promotion strategy complies with the value, ideology and lifestyle of the country it is going to do business. It must be remembered that China is a hard core communist country, and it may not accept the idea of capitalist market, as reflected by KFC. Further, as Holfstedes cultural dimension shows, Chinese culture, very much like any Asian country culture, believes more in collectivism rather than individualism. As a result, while advertising and promoting its service in China, KFC should focus more on offers and discounts that serves their family benefits, rather than individual happiness (Mazanec et al. 20 15). For example, KFC may provide more discount on buckets rather than on single items, as these will help largely in promoting family values, so common in China. Chinese people greatly boast of Chinese culture, and as such inclusion of Chinese symbols, such as Dragon figures in the brand image of KFC may also help to customize KFC to Chinese culture and preference (Yang et al. 2016). Conclusion: While doing business in any country, an organization must possess sufficient knowledge about the cultural values and ideology of the particular country. Keeping this in mind, even KFC must ensure that it has sufficient in depth knowledge about the customs, likings and food preferences of the Chinese people, before doing business in China (Bishop et al 2016). In the era of globalization, any organization in order to ensure success in the long run, must expand itself beyond the local territories, but in doing the same, it must also be mindful of the cultural demands or the legal issues that may crop up. After having taken enough measures, and through the process of adaptation as well as innovation, any organization can achieve enormous business growth (Taras et al. 2012). Reference List: Bakir, A., Blodgett, J.G., Vitell, S.J. and Rose, G.M., 2015. A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 226-232). Springer International Publishing. Beware, E., Has, S., Unlawful, E.M.W., Walkouts, M.F.F.W. and Pay, A.C.P.E., 2013. Employers Beware: Senate Has Confirmed Pro-Labor Majority to NLRB. Bishop, H., Hoang, D.T., Boone, C. and Steinberg, D.H., 2016, January. CUSTOMER SERVICE HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN CHINA THE USA AMONG ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROFESSIONALS. InAllied Academies International Conference. Academy of Management Information and Decision Sciences. Proceedings(Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 2). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Bishop, H., Hoang, D.T., Boone, C. and Steinberg, D.H., 2016, January. CUSTOMER SERVICE HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN CHINA THE USA AMONG ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROFESSIONALS. InAllied Academies International Conference. Academy of Management Information and Decision Sciences. Proceedings(Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 2). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Cheung, S. and Wu, D.Y. eds., 2012.Globalization of Chinese Food. Routledge. Ghemawat, P. and Hout, T.M., 2014. Globalization, Capabilities, and Distance: Theory and a Case Study (of China).Globalization. Huang, Z., Guo, Y. and Li, C., 2015. Chain Restaurant Industry Supplier Selection and Performance Evaluation: A Case of KFC in China. InLISS 2014(pp. 41-48). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mazanec, J.A., Crotts, J.C., Gursoy, D. and Lu, L., 2015. Homogeneity versus heterogeneity of cultural values: An item-response theoretical approach applying Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a single nation.Tourism Management,48, pp.299-304. Peng, Y., Li, J., Xia, H., Qi, S. and Li, J., 2015. The effects of food safety issues released by we media on consumers awareness and purchasing behavior: A case study in China.Food Policy,51, pp.44-52. Piekkari, R., Welch, D. and Welch, L.S., 2014.Language in international business: The multilingual reality of global business expansion. Edward Elgar Publishing. Pieterse, J.N., 2015.Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Shen, Q. and Xiao, P., 2014. McDonald's and KFC in China: Competitors or Companions?.Marketing Science,33(2), pp.287-307. Taras, V., Steel, P. and Kirkman, B.L., 2012. Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions.Journal of World Business,47(3), pp.329-341. Thompson, E.P., 2015.Customs in common: Studies in traditional popular culture. New Press, The. Yang, M.S., 2016. Food Safety Challenges in China. InPublic Health Challenges in Contemporary China(pp. 25-42). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zhou, M. and Li, X., 2016. Remittances for Collective Consumption and Social Status Compensation: Variations on Transnational Practices among Chinese International Migrants.International Migration Review.